Letter from PF to the nuncio to France, [Carlo Roberti de' Vittori], 1665-07-1[8?], [Rome]
Madagascar
Letter from PF to the nuncio to France, Carlo Roberti de' Vittori. PF sents de Vittori the patents for the missionaries in Madagascar. He should only give them to the missionaries, providing he deems them suitable for the mission. In the case that he does not find them suitable, he should send the patents back to PF, for whom it is very important that missionaries all have the required requisites.
Additional comments
PF
APF Lettere 51, 58r
1665-07-1[8?]
Adressed to Carlo Roberti de' Vittori
copy; unsigned
Italian
Letter
852
Origin: [Rome]
Destination: Paris
Letter from PF to the nuncio to France, [Carlo Roberti de' Vittori], 1665-09-22, [Rome]
Madagascar
Letter from PF to the nuncio to France, Carlo Roberti de' Vittori. CM superior [René Alméras] proposes 'Giacomo Bruchan' [Jacques Bruchan] as missionary for the mission in Madagascar. PF knows that this mission has a great need for missionaries, and they ask de' Vittori to decide whether the candidate is suitable for the mission. They also send him the missionary patent, so that de' Vittori can either give it to Bruchan, or keep it.
Additional comments
PF
APF Lettere 51, 58r
1665-09-22
Adressed to Carlo Roberti de' Vittori
For the letter in which René Alméras proposes Bruchan as missionary, see: APF SOCG 252, 58r, 59v (database item 286).
copy; unsigned
Italian
Letter
853
Origin: [Rome]
Destination: [Paris]
Letter from PF to the nuncio to France, [Carlo Roberti de' Vittori], 1665-11-14, [Rome]
Madagascar
Letter from PF to the nuncio to France, Carlo Roberti de' Vittori. CM superior [René Alméras] warned for the need of missionaries for the mission in Madagascar, and he proposed to send two priests, Guglielmo Bonable [Guillaume Bonable] and Fran'co Brisione [François Brision], to help in the spiritual needs of the island. PF asks de' Vittori to make a decision on their suitability as candidates. When he deems them suitable, he should give them the patents that have been sent with this letter. He then should inform PF about his decision.
Additional comments
PF
APF Lettere 51, 58r-v
1665-11-14
Adressed to Carlo Roberti de' Vittori
For the letter in which Alméras proposes Bonable as missionary, see: APF SOCG 252, 60r, 63v (database item 287).
For the letter in whcih Alméras proposes Brision as missionary, see: APF SOCG 252, 61r, 62v (database item 288)
copy; unsigned
Italian
Letter
854
Origin: [Rome]
Destination: [Paris]
Petition on behalf of CM Superior René Alméras to PF, [1665]
Madagascar
Petitions for missionary patents
Petition on behalf of René Alméras, requesting missionary status for François Brision, member of CM, so that he can serve the mission of Madagascar with the other CM missionaries. PF meeting of 9 November 1665 agrees with the request, and orders that he should introduce himself to the nuncio to France.
Date discussed 1665-11-09
Additional comments
See for the other missionaries who were preparing to leave: APF SOCG 252, 56r-57v (database item 285), and APF SOCG 252, 58r-59v (database item 286).
René Alméras
APF SOCG 252, 61r, 62v
[1665]
Addressed to PF
For the minutes of the discussion of this petition, see: APF ACTA 34, 203r, 210r (not in this database).
PF asked the nuncio to France to take a decision on the suitability of the missionary, see: APF Lettere 51, 58r-v (database item 854).
Original, undated and unsigned
Italian
Latin
Petition
288
Origin: [France]
Destination: Rome
Petition on behalf of CM Superior René Alméras to PF, [1665]
Madagascar
Petitions for missionary patents
Petition on behalf of René Alméras, requesting missionary status for Guiglielmo [Guillaume] Bonable, priest of the diocese of St. Malò in France, in order for him to serve the mission of Madagascar, together with the group of missionaries who are about to leave. PF meeting of 9 November 1665 agrees with the request and orders that he should introduce himself to the nuncio to France.
Date discussed 1665-11-09
Additional comments
See for the other missionaries who were preparing to leave: APF SOCG 252, 56r-57v (database item 285), and APF SOCG 252, 58r-59v (database item 286).
René Alméras
APF SOCG 252, 60r, 63v
[1665]
Addressed to PF
For the minutes of the discussion of this petition, see: APF ACTA 34, 203r, 210r (not in this database).
PF asked the nuncio to France to take a decision on the suitability of the missionary, see: APF Lettere 51, 58r-v (database item 854).
Original, undated and unsigned
Italian
Latin
Petition
287
Origin: [France]
Destination: Rome
Petition on behalf of CM Superior René Alméras to PF, [1665]
Madagascar
Petitions for missionary patents
Petition on behalf of René Alméras, requesting to add another missionary to the group preparing to leave for Madagascar (see database item 285), considering that the ships have not yet set sail. The name of the priest is Giacomo [Jacques] Bruchan, and the petition does not mention whether he is a member of CM or not (the summary on 59v calls him a "secular priest"). Matter assigned to Cardinal Brancacci, and discussed in PF on 17 August 1665; the petition was later approved.
Date discussed 1665-08-17
Additional comments
See APF SOCG 252, 56r-57v (database item 285) for the petition that was discussed a month earlier, in which missionary patents for ten other priests were requested.
René Alméras
APF SOCG 252, 58r, 59v
[1665]
Addressed to PF
For the minutes of the discussion of this petition, see: APF ACTA 34, 163r, 170r (same information; not in this database).
Database items 285 and 287 are also related.
Original, undated and unsigned
Italian
Latin
Petition
286
Origin: [France]
Destination: Rome
Petition on behalf of CM Superior René Alméras to PF, [1665]
Madagascar
Petitions for missionary patents
Petitions for faculties
Petition on behalf of René Alméras to PF, asking for the appointment of Jean Jourdie, Gaspar Gonon, Martin Ignace Roguet, Egidio [Gilles] Le Merer, Dionisio [Denis] Le Cornier, Filibert Fardel, Charles Le Roy, Gasparo Stella (all priests of the CM), and Nicolò Raoul and Giuliano [Julien] Grohan (secular priests), as missionaries for the Madagascar mission. The petition noted that new ships which could take them, are ready to depart. PF approves the request in the general meeting of 13 July 1665.
Date discussed 1665-07-13
Additional comments
Sometime later, another priest, Jacques Bruchan, wanted to join these ten missionaries before their departure. See APF SOCG 252, 58r-59v (database item 286).
René Alméras
APF SOCG 252, 56r, 57v
[1665]
Addressed to PF
For the minutes of the discussion of this petition, see: APF ACTA 34, 139r, 143r (not in this database).
Also related are: APF SOCG 252, 58r, 59v (database item 286) and APF SOCG 252, 60r, 63v (database item 287).
Original, undated and unsigned
Italian
Petition
285
Origin: [France]
Destination: Rome
Letter from PF to the nuncio to France, [Carlo Roberti de' Vittori], 1666-10-02, [Rome]
Madagascar
Letter from PF to the nuncio to France, Carlo Roberti de' Vittori. CM superior [René Alméras] asked for faculties for a few priests of his congregation, that he wants to send to the mission in Madagascar. PF decided to send the faculties to de' Vittori, in order for him to give them to the missionaries; he will do this everytime one presents themselves to him as a candidate, and after he has decided that they are suitable for the mission.
Additional comments
PF
APF Lettere 51, 58v
1666-10-02
Adressed to Carlo Roberti de' Vittori
copy; unsigned
Italian
Letter
855
Origin: [Rome]
Destination: [Paris]
Letter from the nuncio to France, Carlo Roberti de’ Vittori, to PF, 1666-11-12, Paris
Madagascar
Other secular missionaries
The nuncio to France, Carlo Roberti de’ Vittori writes to PF, to inform the cardinals that in the East Indies (‘Indie orientali’), France only occupies Madagascar and some small islands. The priests who go there are those sent by CM (‘PP Missionarij’), with the approval of PF. With approval from the bishops [not from PF], some priests leave France in order to provide their spiritual assistance to the people on the ships that will go to China. In the West Indies (‘Indie occidentali’), there is some ‘disorder’ but the nuncio is not well informed enough about it. He knows, however, that there are priests without missionary patents from PF, and who do not want to obey those priests who do have patents. The nuncio moreover says that he will try his best to give all information asked by PF in a letter from 24 July 1666.
Additional comments
Carlo Roberti de’ Vittori
APF SOCG 252, 68r-v, 69v
1666-11-12
Addressed to PF
Original, signed and dated
Italian
Letter
Report
290
Origin: Paris
Destination: Rome
Petition on behalf of CM Superior René Alméras to PF, [1666]
Madagascar
Petitions for missionary patents
Petitions for faculties
Petition on behalf of René Alméras. Alméras writes that there are not enough priests left in Madagasca since Nicolas Etienne, the previous prefect, has been killed, another missionary has left the island and a third has drowned. He therefore asks for the appointment of the following new missionaries: Giacomo [Jacques] Henir, Giouanni [Jean] le Bourgeois, Andrea l’Escuier [André Lescuyer], and Tussano [Toussaint] Piequelin. He also requests the appointment of Maximilien Michel Maniè as prefect and François Cuveron [or Cuvron] as vice prefect of the same mission, and in the event of either of their deaths, Ignace Roguet. PF note of the meeting on 20 September 1666 show that the cardinals agreed to the petition, and that the faculties of prefect should be requested at the Holy Office. Afterwhich, they should be sent to the nuncio in Paris, who will then give them to the priests, once they have been judged capable to operate in the mission.
Date discussed 1666-09-20
Additional comments
René Alméras
APF SOCG 252, 66r, 67v
[1666]
Addressed to PF
For the minutes of the discussion of this petition, see: APF ACTA 35, 246r, 258r-v.
Original, undated and unsigned
Italian
Latin
Petition
289
Origin: [France]
Destination: Rome
Petition on behalf of the CM missionaries in Madagascar to PF, [1666]
Madagascar
Petitions for faculties
Petition on behalf of the missionaries of Madagascar. In the past few months PF had appointed Michel Manié as prefect of the Madagascar mission. But together with the arrival of news about the death of the previous prefect (Nicolas Etienne), and Manié’s illness, the cardinals are asked to appoint François Cuvron [or Cuveron] as prefect or vice prefect of the Madagascar mission (vice prefect in case Manié is still alive). Petition discussed in PF general congregation of 20 December 1666; the cardinals decided not to appoint another prefect.
Date discussed 1666-12-20
Additional comments
[CM missionaries in Madagascar]
APF SOCG 252, 70r, 71v
[1666]
Addressed to PF
For the discussion of this petition, see: APF ACTA 35, 326r, 331r-v (not in this database).
Original, unsigned and undated
Italian
Latin
Petition
291
Origin: [Madagascar]
Destination: Rome
Petition on behalf of CM Superior René Alméras to PF, [1666]
Madagascar
Petitions for faculties
Petitions for missionary patents
Petition on behalf of René Alméras to PF, in which he asks for the appointment of Marin Ignace Roguet as prefect for the Madagascar mission, since the two previous prefects Nicolas Etienne and Michel Maniè have since both died. He also asks for the confirmation of status of apostolic missionaries for Louis Bourot and Michel Monmasson, who were declared apostolic missionaries by PF in 1664 for seven years. PF notes on 73v indicate that the cardinals agreed on both issues.
Date discussed 1668-05-07
Additional comments
René Alméras
APF SOCG 252, 72r, 73v
[1668]
Addressed to PF
For the minutes of the PF meeting where this matter was discussed, see: APF ACTA 37, 49r, 76r (not in this database).
Original, unsigned and undated
Italian
Latin
Petition
292
Origin: [France]
Destination: Rome
Report on the mission of Madagascar, 1669-05, CM
Madagascar
Conversion
Jesuits
Report on the Madagascar mission made by CM and given to PF in March 1669. This short report on the Madagascar mission is based on the letters written at various times by CM priests in Madagascar, with the authority of PF. The island of Madagascar is also called Saint Lawrence because it was discovered on the day dedicated to the memory of this martyr. By the French it was renamed Isola Delfina. It is located south of the Tropic of Capricorn, and is not far from the African continent; from 'Promontorio' in Mozambique it is around 70 miles. In length it reaches from around the eighth degree from the Equator for approximately 600 miles, the width of the island is at some points 200, and at others 400 miles. Because of its location the temperatures are very high but not intolerable. The island is divided in many regions by high mountains. Those who are most informed about the island believe that there are 400,000 people, and in every province there is a patron. There are around 300 or 400 vassals of these kings. They do not really deserve the title of king, first of all because they are not king of all the people, and secondly because they live so poorly; they have around 3,000 or 4,000 oxen, and around one third harvest rice and carrots. There is no-one in France with a title who does not live more splendidly than the greatest man in Madagascar, where such a title is not hereditary. Under the king there are other men, less rich than the first. All the grand men practice carpeting for pleasure. In Madagascar there are two kinds of inhabitants, black people with curly hair, who are the original people. The others are white, have long hair, and travelled from Persia 500 years ago. In some provinces they are the patrons of the blacks, in others they are subjected. For their origins, they refer to a certain 'Ramini' who has been created by the foam of the sea, and was a friend of Mohammed. In all parts of the island most villages are found at the foot of the mountains, from where an abundance of water flows, that ends in the sea nearby. There are no cities or fortresses. All houses are made of wood and covered with leaves and are very low, which makes it very hard to enter and leave. The kitchen and fire are made without a chimney. They do not have a bed or chair, but instead do everything on the wooden floor. People usually eat rice, oxen and goats. There is no wheat or wine, instead they drink a beverage made of apples. There are many roots, beans, watermelons, and lemons but there are no animals to hunt, except some boars. None of the inhabitants wear any headwear, they have naked feet, and use oil in their hair. Everybody wears the same long clothes, but they differ in quality. Children upto the age of seven or eight are completely naked. They all have a hole in their ear filled with a piece of wood, on which they put some gold or a shell.
They live really long lives, and some say they are so old that they cannot count the years anymore. There is not a real religion among the people on the islands, and there is no temple or priest anywhere. There are however a few ceremonies and superstitions that were introduced 500 years ago, by the whites who are 'Cafri' from the coasts of Persia. They found the original inhabitants of the island simple and without law or religion. They easily turned to the superstitions of Mohammed. They confess that they is a Lord of the universe that they call 'Zenharé' but they keep him in the sky where he is a king in his own realm. Among them there is a sect of men called ‘Ombassi’ which means writers, and they lead the ceremonies, the traditions, and the superstitions of the country. They carry books which do not have a lot of text, but only some sentences or saying's from the Koran, which have been brought by the men coming from Persia. The usage of circumcision is found all over the island. The whites have some kind of fasting of two months in which they cannot eat from sunrise to sunset. They do not eat oxen and do not drink wine. The superstition that is the most opposed to the honor of God is the use of 'Olys.' The Ombiassi make them out of wood or hollow root and sell them. These idols are made in the shape of a man or an animal. They fill them with oil mixed with dust, and think them to be alive. The people bring these idols everywhere they go, and believe that they help them with all kinds of things. When they have to cross a river they ask their Olys to help them. In the case that someone gets eaten, people use to say that his Olys were not good. They have the cruel tradition to throw away children on Sunday, that are born in the night on Saturday. The first Europeans to come to the island were the Portuguese and the Dutch. They had some posts on the island, and brought with them some Jesuits. Eventually the Portuguese left the island. When the French Indian Company heard about the island, they sent a group of men, all of whom were Catholics, except for around 10 heretics. They also brought some priests with them to help them in their spiritual needs. When CM priests arrived on the island they found one of the priests, who had not made a lot of progress because of the heretic's captain, who allowed the heretic sermon to be held in his house. For this reason the population of the island was confused and did not convert. The French Indian Company eventually sent back the heretic captain, and refused to allow any other heretic to travel there. A Catholic captain was sent to the island, along with two CM priests. They were staying in a place close to the Tropic of Capricorn, that was called ‘Hittolangar’ by the natives. There was also a castle called the Castle Dauphin. When the CM priests arrived, there were only five baptized children on the island. The priests tried to learn the language of the island, in order to explain the mysteries of the faith. The blacks were easier to instruct than the whites. They told the blacks, after they listened with attention, that they should not curse, not work on Sundays, and not steal. The rulers of the island did not want their slaves to be instructed in the service of God, as they were afraid they would discover their wickedness. The disposition of the island towards the Christian faith becomes clear, from a letter of one of the missionaries who wrote to CM superior general [Vincent De Paul]. He informs them that he wants the natives first to know how to pray to God, before they are baptized. They told the missionary that they are afraid to get baptized, since they fear that the French would not stay for a long time on the island, and that afterwards the whites might kill them. The missionary also informs Vincent De Paul that some of the greatest men of the island have sent their children away to be instructed, and that these have already thrown away their Olys. One of these families converted as a whole. The firstborn of another king called Dian Masso (who himself has been baptized), prays to God daily, and promised to instruct his wife and children. In the house of the missionary lives two children of the rulers of the island, and also their slaves who want to be baptized. The next year he was warned that three of the most important men on the island were about to die. He went to visit them, and eventually they begged him to be baptized, and to be buried after they died. After many other things the missionary ends his letter by saying that from his writing, one can see the great disposition of the people towards the Holy Faith. Its noted that 600 people already have converted, and one can hope that all of the 400,000 souls will eventually accept the faith. This letter was written in 1657, and the missionary died a few months later, leaving the people without a priest. Afterwards the French gave themselves to a sinful life, and started to fight the natives. From time to time they sent new missionaries to the island, but the majority never even arrived. The next missionaries to reach the island only arrived in 1663, and because the whole island was at war, they could not do a lot. The natives who converted risked their lives since the French were very hated. When the prefect of the mission went to instruct one of the leaders of the island (who wanted to convert or pretended to do so), he and his companion were killed. The last who travelled to the island were four priests, and some brothers. However as they were all sick, they could not really invest time in converting the infidels; in their last letter dated September 1668, its noted that they have all improved, and can continue to work for the religion and conversion of the infidels.
Additional comments
APF SC Africa, 36v-42v
1669-05
unsigned
Italian
Report
872
Origin:
Destination: Rome
Excerpt from la vie de Mr Nicolas Estienne Pretre de la Congregation de la Mission Martirisé dans l'isle de Madagascar en 1664, [1670 or later], [by Debras?]
Madagascar
Th
Additional comments
The copy itself must be of 1670 or later. The item it is copied from might be from 1664.
[Created by Debras?]
APF SC Africa 1, 31r-33v
[1670 or later]
copy; signed
Frech
Varia
Report
869
Origin:
Destination:
Report on Nicolas Etienne, [1670 or later]
Madagascar
Nicolas Etienne, CM priest, French by birth, was sent to Madagascar in 1662, and arrived there on 29 september 1663. He informed René Alméras of the success of his work in a letter of 15 January 1664. His works should earn him the title of martyr. He was killed by a prince he had converted, and this should earn him the title of martyr. A native of the island, who was a CM brother called Philippe Patte had already died as a martyr in 1665. The author says he went to Paris subsequently to find out more information about these events.
1. In a manuscript of Michel Montmasson [Michel Monmasson], CM priest, he found that Messieurs Coueron [Maximilien François Cuvron] and Montmasson arrived in Madagscar on 26 August 1665. M. Manie [Michel Manie] stayed there alone after Etienne's death.
2. In the second part of the book on the canonization of Vincent de Paul, on page 38 (on the heroism of his virtues), he found that Raimond des Morties, described him in the following manner: De Paul had in his house of San Lazare four youths from Madagscar, one of them was, according to the report, killed together with Sig'r Stefano, while converting the ruler of this land. This happened because of the evilness of the women of the ruler who feared that their husband would keep only one woman when he converted.
3. In the same summary, Marie Loret, a Daughter of the Charity, described De Paul saying he sent CM priests to Madagascar because of his charity, and that she knew one of them, called Sig'r Stefano.
4. Dominique Avami, in the Vie de S. Vincent, Chapter 22, said that among those who died at Madagascar, two should be mentioned in particular: Niccolò Stefano and Filippo Patte.
4. In the new vie de S't Vicent de Paul, book 8, page 509, it is said that René Almeras sent a new mission to Madagascar, whose head, Nicolas Etienne, would become its first martyr.
Additional comments
The exact date of this document is unknown. The series it is part of though, starts in 1670.
Issue number 4 appears twice.
Unkown
APF SC Africa 1, 30r-v
[1670 or later]
French
Report
868
Origin:
Destination:
Report on the mission of Madagascar, [1670 or later]
Madagascar
From 1648 to 1666, ships were sent at different times to Madagascar, with CM priests who had been granted the usual faculties by PF. The first ship brought Carlo Naquart [Charles Nacquart] and Nicolo Gondré [Nicolas Gondrée], and the second brought Tossano Bourdaise [Toussaint Bourdaise] and Francesco Mousnier [Jean-François Mousnier] to the island; all four of them died soon after their arrival on Madagascar. On the third ship there were two people, but the ship perished close to Nantes, and the missionaries who saved themselves, returned to Paris. On the fourth ship there were four others, and whilst travelling they were taken by the Spanish (who were at war with France), and were brought to Spain. Here they fell sick and were forced to return to France. The fifth ship brought Claudio du four [Claude Dufour], Nicolò Prevost [Nicolas Prévost] and Mathurino di Bellauilla [Maturin de BelleVille] to the island; de BelleVille died during the journey, and the other two died shortly after their arrival. In 1660 on board the sixth ship, there were another four missionaries, however they got stuck in Cape Good Hope; unable to find a ship to continue their journey, they stayed there for 10 months. Eventually they were able to return to France. On the seventh ship (in 1662), Nicolo Estienne [Nicolas Etienne], Michele Manié [Michel Manie] and a priest that was not of CM called Frachey, were onboard. Etienne was killed by the infidels two or three years after his arrival, Manie died of illness, and Frachey went to the East. In 1665 they wrote to PF to inform about the mission, but the ship that was tasked to bring the letter was sunk by the English. In 1664 there was a new ship with Carlo Boussordec [Charles Boussordec], Massimiliano Francesco Cuvron [Maximilien François Cuvron], Luigi Bourot [Louis Bourot] and Michele Monmasson [Michel Manmasson] onboard. Boussordec died during the trip, Cuvron died shortly after arriving, and the other two died of illness. The last ship left in 1666, with Marino Ignazio Roguet [Marin Ignaz Roguet], Giovanni Jourdie [Jean Jourdie], Luigi Bourot [Louis Bourot] Carlo le Roy [Charles Le Roy], Giuliano Grohan [Julien Grohan] onboard. Le Roy and Grohan died on the journey, and the other two reached the island, despite being sick. Therefore of all the missionaries that have been sent to Madagascar (according to the latest news from the island of January 1668), only four remain: Roguet, Jourdie, Bourot and Monmasson. Its noted that they are also sick or suffering. They wrote to France that they worked to keep the French godfearing people, but that they hardly had any time to convert the infidels because of illness. They also state that their work is difficult, because the people on the island have a great hatred for the French. During a war with the French, they retreated into the woods and only showed themselves when killing the French. The remaining priests do not send anything new to PF as they have nothing to tell. Besides the above mentioned CM priests, PF also gave the faculties to a few other CM priests. They did not travel to Madagascar however, as they suffered too much at sea, because of illness, or because they have been replaced by others.
Additional comments
APF SC Africa, 35r-36r
1670 or later
unsigned
Italian
Report
871
Origin:
Destination: